一、概说
副词主要用于修饰动词，也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问等。
二、副词的句法功能
1.用作状语
副词用作状语，这是其主要功能：
He speaks English very well.他英语说得很好。
I often get up at six in the morning.我经常是在6点钟起床。
He went home yesterday./Yesterday he went home.他昨天回家了。
2.用作表语
I'll be back in five minutes.我五分钟就回来。
I must be off now.我现在得走了。
Is the radio on or off?收音机是开着的还是关着的？
【说明】在一般情况下，用作表语时不用副词而用形容词：
正：He looks very angry.他看上去很生气。
误：He looks very angrily.
正：Mr.Smith is very careful.史密斯先生很仔细。
误：Mr.Smith is very carefully.
英语中用可作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，常见的有here,there,up,down,away,nearby,back,in,home,ahead,upstairs,downstairs,off,through,on,over等。而且这些副词只能用于连系动词be后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，如：
正：He is here./He is away.
误：He seems here./He seems away.
3.用作宾语
It’s hot in here.这里面很热。
It’s not far from here.从这儿去不远。
He had to I’ll stay at home tonight.今晚我将呆在家里。
【说明】副词用作宾语的用法十分有限，通常只用作介词宾语，并且只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如here和there可与along,around,down,from,in,near,round,up等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here,go to there等(但from here to there是例外)。
4.用作宾语补足语
Please ask him in,please.请叫他进来。
I'm pleased to see you back.看到你回来了我很高兴。
【说明】一般说来，只有能用作表语的副词才可用作宾语补足语。
5.用作定语
Is there anything on tonight?今晚有什么活动吗?
The people there were very friendly.那儿的人很友好。
【说明】在通常情况下，副词用作定语总是放在被修饰的名词之后。
三、副词在句中的位置
1.一般副词的位置。在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末：
The girl dances very well.这个女孩跳舞跳得好。
We must work hard.我们必须努力工作。
He does his work very carefully.他做工作非常仔细。
I want to see the film very much.我很想看这部电影。
有时也放在主语后面动词前面（对动作加以强调）：
He angrily closed the door.他生气地把门关上了。
置于句中的副词，若碰上助动词，则通常放在助动词之后、主要动词之前：
He has just left for work.他刚刚离开去上班。
We have already read the book.我们都已读过这本书。
2.频度副词在句中的位置
频度副词表示动作发生的次数，常见有的ever,never,seldom,sometimes,often,always等，它们通常位于实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后：
He never reads such books.他从不看那样的书。
He often comes to school./He is often later for school.他上学常迟到。
有时为了强调，频度副词也可位于动词be、助动词等之前：
She always was late.她老是迟到。
为了强调等原因，有时频度副词可位于句首或句末(尤其受very,only修饰时)：
Very often the phone rings when I'm in the bath.电话经常在我洗澡时响。
Do you go to the cinema very often?你常去看电影吗?
但是，频度副词always和never通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：
Always remember this.请时刻记住这一点。
Never tell him the news.千万不要告诉他这消息。
在否定句中，有的频度副词可位于否定词not之后或之前(如usually,often)，有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后(如always)，而有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词not之前(如sometimes)：
He doesn't usually come here./He usually doesn't come here.他通常不来这儿。
She doesn't always come late.她并非总是迟到。(不能说always doesn't)
He is sometimes not satisfied with my work.他有时对我的工作不满意。
3.副词位置对句意的影响
有时副词位置的不同会导致句子意义的改变：
Tom alone is coming.只有汤姆要来。(alone位于被修饰的名词或代词后，意为“只有”)
Tom is coming alone.汤姆将一个人来。(alone在此修饰动词come，意为“独自”)
Only I kissed her last night.昨晚只有我吻了她(即别人没吻她)。
I only kissed her last night.昨晚只是吻了她(即没干别的事)。
I kissed only her last night.昨晚我吻的只有她(即没吻过别人)。
I kissed her only last night[last night only].我只是在昨晚才吻了她(即其他时候未吻过)。
They secretly decided to leave the town.他们秘密决定离开这个城市。
They decided to leave the town secretly.他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。
He answered the questions foolishly.他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。
He foolishly answered the questions.他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。
Clearly he didn't say so.显然他没有这样说。(clearly修饰句子，意为“显然”)
He didn't say so clearly.他说得没有那么清楚。(clearly修饰动词say，意为“清楚”)
四、几组常用副词的用法区别
1.quite,rather,very的用法区别
三者均可表示程度，但程度的高低不同，所表达的语气也不同，一般说来，rather比quite语气强，very比rather语气强。另外，在用法上它们有如下区别：
(1)这三个词中，只有rather可以与比较级和副词too(太)连用：
It's rather colder today.今天冷多了。
The exercise was rather too difficult.这练习太难了点。
【说明】quite有时也与比较级连用,但通常只限于quite better(身体健康)这一表达中：
I'm quite better now.我现在好多了。
(2)rather和quite有时可直接修饰动词,而very不能这样用：
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你(的意见)。
We rather like the book.我们很喜欢这本书。
(3)修饰right,wrong,impossible,alone等不可分级的形容词，通常只用quite，而不用rather或very。此时quite并不表示“相当”或“很”，而表示“完全”：
You're quite right(wrong).你完全正确(错了)。
That's quite impossible.那完全不可能。
2.sometime,some time,sometimes的用法区别
(1)sometime意为“某个时候”，此时也可写成some time(即分开写)：
I will go home sometime[some time]next week.下个星期的某个时候我要回家。
(2)some time作为副词词组，意为“某个时候”(=sometime)；作为名词词组，意为“一段时间”(不能写成sometime)：
I will write again some time.我回头再给你写信。
We lived in the country for some time.我们在农村住过一段时间。
(3)sometimes意为“有时”：
He sometimes comes very late.他有时来得很迟。
3.almost与nearly的用法区别
(1)两者均可表示“几乎”、“差不多”，有时可换用：
It's almost[nearly]impossible.那几乎是不可能的。
It's almost[nearly]10 o'clock.差不多10点钟了。
He is almost[nearly]as tall as her.他差不多与她一样高。
Almost[Nearly]all the students passed the exam.差不多所有的学生都通过了考试。
【说明】两者虽可互换，但有时almost比nearly表示更接近的程度。
(2)用于any以及no,none,nobody,nothing,never等否定词前，可用almost，但不能用nearly：
Almost any man can do it.几乎任何人都会做。
He has almost no money.他几乎没钱。
(3)nearly前可用very,pretty,not等词修饰，但almost之前不能用这些词：
It's not nearly so difficult as you think.这远不像你想象的那么难。
4.very,much与very much
(1)very主要修饰形容词或副词：
The woman is very beautiful.那个女人很美。
He did it very carefully.这事他做得很仔细。
【说明】修饰副词too(太)，要用much，不能用very：
He is much too busy to see you.他太忙不能见你。
(2)much主要修饰动词，而且除非其前有very,too,so等修饰语，它只用于否定句和疑问句：
She doesn't like him much.她不太喜欢他。
Does she much like him?/Does she like him much?她很喜欢他吗？
She likes him very much.她很喜欢他。
【说明】不带修饰语的much有时也可能在肯定句中修饰动词，但这只限于regret,admire,prefer,等少数动词，且此时的much应置于句中，而不是句末：
I much regret what I said.我非常后悔我说过的话。
(3)much除修饰动词外，还可修饰比较级和最高级等：
It is much colder today.今天冷多了。
This book is much the most interesting.这本书是最最有趣的。
【说明】very有时也可修饰最高级(注意要放在冠词之后)：
This is the very cheapest one.这是最最便宜的。
5.much too与too much
两者结构相似，很容易混淆。它们在用法上的区别是：much too＝too，但前者语气更强；too much＝much，但前者语气更强：
He drives much too fast.他开车开得太快了。
The shoes are much too small for me.这鞋子我穿太小了。
There is too much rain.雨水太多了。
You have given me too much.你已经给我太多了。
6.how long,how often与how soon
三者均可译为“多久”，区别如下：
(1)how long指多长时间，主要用来对一段时间(如three days,four weeks等)提问：
“How long did he stay here?”“About two hours.”“他在这儿呆了多久?”“大约两小时。”
(2)how often指每隔多久，主要用来对频度副词或状语(如once a week等)提问：
“How often does he come here?”“Once a month.”“他(每隔)多久来一次?”“每月一次。”
(3)how soon指再过多久，主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(如in an hour,in two weeks等)提问：
“How soon will he be back?”“In an hour.”“他要多久才回来?”“1小时以后。”
7.ago与before
两者均可表示在多久时间“以前”(要放在表示一段时间的词语之后)，但有区别：ago从现在向前回溯，即现在的过去，因此通常与一般过去时连用；而before则从过去向前回溯，即指过去的过去，因此通常与过去完成时连用(尤其用于宾语从句中)。如：
I bought the computer two years ago.我是两年前买这台电脑的。
He said they had left five days before.他说他们5天前就离开了。
【说明】before有时单独使用(即不连用具体时间)，泛指一般意义的“以前”，此时可用于一般过去时，也可用于现在完成时：
He didn't know that before.他以前不知道此事。
I have been there before.我以前去过那儿。
五、副词比较等级
1.副词比较等级的构成方法
(1)单音节和个别双音节副词通过加后缀–er和-est构成比较级和最高级：
原级比较级最高级
fast(快)faster fastest
soon(快)sooner soonest
early(早)earlier earliest
【说明】有关将y改为i，再加-er和-est的规则以及双写末尾辅音字母的规则，参见形容词比较等级的构成方法。
(2)绝大多数双音节副词和所有的多音节副词通过其前more和most构成比较级和最高级：
原级比较级最高级
quickly(快)more quickly most quickly
quietly(悄悄地)more quietly most quietly
carefully(仔细地)more carefully most carefully
(3)副词比较等级的不规则变化
原级比较级最高级
well(好，健康的)better best
badly(坏地)worse worst
much(多)more most
little(少)less least
far(远)farther/further farthest/furthest
2.使用比较等级的基本原则
不作比较用原级，两者比较用比较级，多者比较用最高级：
Who runs faster,you or Tom?你和汤姆谁跑得快一点?
He eats more quickly than I do.他比我吃得快。
He sings the best in the class.他是这个班唱得最好的。
比较以下句子：
He walks very fast.他走路很快。(尽管“很快”，但没有比较，故用原级)
He walks very slow,but still faster than you.尽管他走得很慢，但比你快。
Though they walk very slow,Jim walks the fastest of all of them.虽然他们都走得很慢，但吉姆是他们当中走得最快的。
3.不能使用双重比较等级
即构成比较级时不能既加词尾-er，又在其前加more；构成最高级时不能既在词尾加-est，又在其前加most，如不能说more better,most earliest等：
误：He speaks English more better than you.
正：He speaks English much better than you.他说英语比你说得好多了。
误：He gets up more earlier than me.
正：He gets up much earlier than I do.他起床比我早得多。
但是，“比较级+and+比较级”这样的结构却是经常可用的表达：
He played it better and better.他弹得越来越好。
It rained more and more heavily.雨下得越来越大。
4.使用比较等级要合乎逻辑
请看两组正误句：
His watch goes faster than ______.
A.me B.I C.my D.mine
答案应选D，而不是A或B，本句的意思是在比较两个人的表，一个走得快一个走得慢。从逻辑上说，应该是两个人的表进行比较，即将his watch与mine(=my watch)进行比较，而不能将his watch与me或I进行比较。
5.副词最高级前是否用the
一般说来，副词最高级前的the可以用也可以省略：
Who did it best?谁做得最好？
They work(the)hardest.他们工作最努力。
He swam the farthest?他游得最远。
【说明】当要对同一个人或事物在不同情况下进行对比时，副词最高级前也不能加the：
He sings best when he is with his girlfriend.他与他的女朋友在一起时唱得最好。
She works hardest when she’s doing something for her family.她为自己家干活时最卖力。
比较：Of all the workers,he works(the)hardest.在所有工人中，他干活最卖力。
6.as…as结构
该结构的基本意思是“与…一样”，其中接副词原级，不能接比较级或最高级：
He comes to school as early as me.他与我来校一样早。
He swims as fast as the others.他游泳与其他人一样快。
【说明】在否定句中，第一个as也可换成so：
He doesn't study as[so]hard as his brother.他学习不如他弟弟努力。
有时该结构根据情况可受(not)nearly,almost,just,not quite,half,twice,three times等词语的修饰，但是注意这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后：
正：I don’t speak half as well as you.我讲得不如你一半好。
误：I don’t speak as half well as you./I don’t speak as well half as you.
六、实力训练题
1.选择最佳答案填空
(1)I have never seen her sister _______.
A.ago B.before C.often D.sometimes
(2)“_______ do you go swimming?”“Once a week.”
A.How often B.How long C.How fast D.How soon
(3)It's _______ we last met.
A.some time B.sometime C.sometimes D.some times
(4)Mary sings _______,but her sister sings much _______.
A.well,well B.better,better C.well,better D.better,well
(5)My model plane can fly higher than _______.
A.you B.your C.yours D.yourself
(6)If you’re ______ in Spain,do come and see me.
A.ever B.never C.once D.nearly
(7)He knows _______ about it than you do.
A.even little B.even less C.more little D.more less
(8)You should speak _______ and listen _______.
A.little,less B.less,much C.less,more D.more,little
(9)You are sure to read it ______ if you try.
A.much better B.much well C.more better D.more well
(10)Soon we found that he liked the girl ______.
A.good and better B.well and better C.well and well D.better and better
(11)It was ______ late to catch a bus after the party,so we took a taxi.
A.too very B.much too C.too much D.far
(12)The children looked _____ at the broken model plane and felt quite _____.
A.sad,sad B.sadly,sadly C.sad,sadly D.sadly,sad
(13)“This book is ____ more useful for us students.”“Yes,but it is ____ too difficult.”
A.quite,quite B.much,much C.rather,quite D.quite,much
(14)Mr Smith is _______ too busy now.Could you wait for a moment?
A.very B.fairly C.rather D.quite
(15)He doesn’t sing ______ that night as he usually does.
A.so well B.so better C.more better D.so best
(16)He says that he ______ likes this idea.
A.very B.much C.quite D.well
(17)The child is _______ busy to have time for sports.
A.too much B.much too D.much very D.very much
(18)Jim works ______,but his brother ______ works.
A.hard,hard B.hardly,hardly C.hard,hardly D.hardly,hard
(19)Jack writes _______ than he did before.
A.much carefully B.more careful
C.much more carefully D.much careful
(20)_______ no one believed what he said.
A.Nearly B.Almost C.Most D.Most of
2.根据所给中文意思完成下列句子，每空填一词：
(1)吉姆来得迟，但是杰克来得更迟。
Jim came ______,but Jack came _______ _______.
(2)他对这个问题的研究比我深入。
He studied the problem _______ _______ I did.
(3)他阅读速度比她快一倍。
He can read ______ _______ _______ as she does.
(4)你打得不好，他打得更差，我打得最差。
You played _______,he played _______ and I played _______.
(5)他们往森林里走得越来越远。
They walked _______ and _______ into the forest.
(6)我知道你喜欢英语，但他与你一样喜欢。
I know you like English,but he likes it _______ _______ ______ you.
(7)我们的意见并不总是一致的。
We _______ agree with one another.
(8)几乎所有的学生都可以按时完成。
_______ _______ can finish it in time.
(9)他说英语不如他姐姐说得好。
He can’t speak English ______ ______ _______ his sister.
(10)那儿的人似乎都非常忙。
The ______ ______ seem very ______.
参考答案：1.(1)—(5)BAACC(6)—(10)ABCAD(11)—(15)BDBCA(16)—(20)CBCCB
2.(1)late,still,later(2)further,than(3)twice,as,fast(4)badly,worse,worst(5)farther,farther/further,further(6)as,much,as(7)don’t,always(8)Almost,any(9)so[as],well,as(10)people,there,busy
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